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Based on P-scores, the top three interventions were valproate plus magnesium, topiramate, and topiramate plus amitriptyline (Supplementary Table S2)

Others include oxidative stress, telomere attrition, chronic low-grade inflammation and cellular senescence (inflammageing), impaired autophagy and epigenetic modifications [66,67,68]

We systematically reviewed research on MNM-based therapies for specific conditions, including peptic ulcers, IBD, PC, CRC, and diabetes, integrated progress across these diseases, and discussed the potential clinical translation of MNMs

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1737199 Received 01 November 2025 Revised 21 December 2025 Accepted 29 December 2025 Published 15 January 2026 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Dawei Chen, University of Kiel, Germany Reviewed by Eveljn Scarian, University of Pavia, Italy Hong Cheng, Yangzhou University, China Updates Copyright 2026 Knudsen, Tadje, Coggins and Venketaraman

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